Usually, astronomers extract this information by calculating what the transit should look like and comparing that to the observations. The ratio between t t and t f, when combined with other information like the depth of the transit, gives information about how far from the center of the star the planet transits. The figure below annotates these two different duration measurements. This is also illustrated in the animation above.Īstronomers usually distinguish between two different transit durations: the "total duration" t t, from the beginning of the decrease in brightness to the end of the rise, and the "full duration", t f, the amount of time the planet is fully over the surface of the star. This is illustrated in the following animation:Īnother interesting feature is that the decrease in brightness into transit is not instantaneous - it takes some time for the planet to pass fully over the edge of the star. The rounded profile comes from the planet moving across parts of the star with different brightness - when the planet is near the edge of the star, it blocks part of the star that is less bright, so it blocks less total light. This is illustrated in the following image of our Sun, obtained by NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Stars have a property called "limb darkening", which means that the star is brightest at the center from our view, and faintest at the edge of the view. This is because stars are not uniformly bright over their surfaces. First, the transit is not flat-bottomed, it is round-bottomed. Upon closer inspection of the transit light curve, a few things are evident. Here, the grey points are again averaged data, this time averages over 20 second intervals, using data from about 6% of the full dataset. The figure below gives a closer look at the transit light curve. It is more difficult to disentangle these different measurements, but with sophisticated analyses, it is possible. This measurement encodes many observables, including the "impact parameter", or how close to the center of the star the planet transits, the size of the star (or more precisely, how dense the star is), and the eccentricity of the planet's orbit, or how close to a circle the planet's orbit is. The duration of the transit is the time it takes for the planet to cross over the face of the star. The grey points and purple points are averages over 1 minute and 15 minute intervals, respectively: The average secondary eclipse of HAT-P-7 b using the entire Kepler data is shown below. It is barely discernible by eye in the previous plot, but if you observe many of these eclipses and average the data, the secondary eclipse is quite apparent. This decrease in brightness is called the "secondary eclipse", and for planets is usually quite small. When the planet goes behind the star, any light from the planet, either starlight reflected off the planet's surface, or light being emitted by the planet because it is glowing hot, is blocked. The amount of time between two successive transits is the "orbital period" of the planet, which is the length of that planet's year: Using the formula for the planetary radius:Īnd plugging in values for depth = 0.6% = 0.006, R * = 2 solar radii, we find a planetary radius R p of about 1.5 Jupiter radii. Here, the transits decrease the flux from 1.0 to about 0.994 - a decrease of about 0.6%. The depth of these transits encodes the size of the planet. The Kepler light curve of HAT-P-7 shows three very convincing transits - the large dips highlighted with red arrows below. The entire span of the graph is within 1% of the total brightness of the star! Searching for transiting planets requires highly precise brightness measurements. This planet is a hot Jupiter - one of the easiest types of planets to detect.įirst of all, notice the scale of the plot above. The figure below shows a Kepler light curve of an exoplanet called HAT-P-7 b. The best part is that all of the data ever collected by Kepler are freely available to the public and can be downloaded from the internet by anyone. When it was operating, it was the most powerful planet-hunting observatory ever built. Launched in 2009, Kepler searched for transiting exoplanets for nearly a decade, before the end of its mission in 2018. In this section, we will show a light curve from the Kepler mission and determine planet parameters.
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To make a storm, combine a cloud with another cloud. Now the final element you need to make lightning is the storm. The resulting atmosphere can be combined with water to form a cloud. To get the atmosphere, you will have to combine the planet with air. The next step in making lightning is the atmosphere. Once you have the continent element, combine two of these elements to form a planet. To make the continent combine land with another land. Next, you will have to make the continent. The first step in making lightning is to form land. Now, the next step is to make lightning elements to form life. SeaĪ sea in combination with another sea will form an ocean. The pond, in combination with another pond, will form a lake. PuddleĬombine the puddle with another puddle to form a pond. The first step is to combine water with other water to form a puddle. To make Lake, Sea, and Ocean, follow the steps below. Combining any of these elements with the Lightning element will make the Plant. To make life, you need water-based elements like Ocean, Lake, or the Sea. It is also an important element as combining its deity will form the Green Man. Plants are living things, and for that, we need to make life first. Philosophy can be used in the game to make quite a few unique items.The plant is an important element you will need it to make oxygen, trees, seeds, and even a farmer. You can finally combine both the Egg and the Chicken to get Philosophy: Now, we need an Egg to combine with the Chicken to create Philosophy. Starting from scratch once more, assuming you haven’t unlocked anything, ensures you create only the required ingredients, nothing extra or less. Now you combine the following to create Philosphy:Įgg & Chicken Method This philosophy traces back to the age-old question of whether the chicken or the egg came first. We choose the above route to also create other essential ingredients, such as Lightning, which we will use again now. We will start from zero, assuming you’ve not created human or idea yet. Human & Story Method Combining story and hero gives philosophy. Let’s take a look at these methods step by step. First, by combining Human and Story, and second, by combining Egg and Chicken. You can create Philosophy in two more ways. Once you have the two main ingredients – Human and Idea – to make Philosophy, simply combine them. Making Philosophy Philosophy in Little Alchemy 2. But we will go through it again, regardless. You might already have some of the ingredients listed below such as Land, acquired while creating Human. Idea is created by combining previously created Human and a Lightbulb. Making a Human Human in Little Alchemy 2. Below, we have a step by step guide on how to create Philosophy with the guide on creating each ingredient (Human and Idea). We’ve also provided alternative recipes at the end.īut to create these ingredients, you will need to combine a lot of ingredients. But that is not the only way to create Philosophy. You can create philosophy by combining Human and Idea. And this is entirely due to how many items you actually have to make before you can get the two primary ingredients required to make Philosophy. Philosophy is, simply put, one of the hardest elements to make in Little Alchemy 2. What ingredients do you need to make philosophy in Little Alchemy 2?
AnyTrans: An Efficient iPhone Backup Manager. This means, even if you have an iPhone 3GS (released in 2009) or iPhone 12 (released in 2020), you can use it with AnyTrans to back up and manage your iPhone or iPad. Only support iOS 15.5 or later, and must factory reset the iPhone or iPad before migrationĬall Logs AnyTrans is not available to transfer Call Logs/Reminders/Safari History to iDevices running iOS 13, since Apple has changed the protocol and does not allow any third-party tool to do so. How to Download and Install AnyTrans Step 1: Download AnyTrans. You can use AnyTrans on any iPhone running iOS 5 up to the latest iOS 14. Effortlessly mirror your iOS/Android device to your PC/Mac for a smooth, stable, and high-quality screen mirroring experience without any lag. Installation Successful Check out the user guide to make good use of AnyTrans. Support all iOS versions and no need to factory reset the iPhone or iPad before migration Check out the user guide to make good use of AnyTrans. Free Download See Pricing AnyTrans Migrates More Than Move to iOS App Transferable Data Rates of contaminant identification are increasing, as newer methods of testing improve the identification of bacteria, even in small amounts. Central venous catheters are associated with higher rates of contamination than venipuncture. Bacteria may also be present in medical devices, such as central venous catheters. 18 For example, normal skin bacteria may be introduced when a single needle venipuncture is performed. Contamination occurs when bacteria from an outside source are introduced into a collected sample. When evaluating blood cultures, it is important to differentiate between bacteremia and contamination. Considerations for interpreting results for blood, respiratory, urine, skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, cerebral spinal fluid, and stool cultures are provided below. 17 Poor culture-collection technique may also increase the risk of contamination. Sites that are well known for contamination include sputum and nasal passages. Sites that are typically thought of as sterile include cerebral spinal fluid, blood, and pericardial fluid. Those colonized with bacteria increase the risk of contamination from normal flora and may lead to false results. 14 – 16Ĭultures may be obtained from sites that are either colonized with bacteria or sterile. If cultures are drawn post-antibiotic administration, there may be a decrease in the blood-culture yield, which can increase the cost and length of stay for the patient. 13 Obtaining cultures before antibiotic administration can assist clinicians in identifying the offending organism, allowing potential de-escalation through proper treatment. 12 In septic patients, the administration of appropriate antibiotics within one hour can reduce mortality. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend that antibiotics be administered within one hour of sepsis diagnosis and that cultures should not delay antibiotic administration for more than 45 minutes. Medical professionals should obtain cultures quickly to guide therapy, simultaneously taking into consideration the importance of prompt antibiotic administration. Throughout the article, we use the term antibiotic instead of antimicrobial, as we did not cover the testing of viruses or fungi. 9, 10 This paper covers the timing of cultures, common culture sites, interpreting the Gram stain, the role of rapid diagnostic tests, conventional antibiotic susceptibility testing, and automated testing. Furthermore, bacterial resistance may develop, which can lead to treatment failure. 6 – 9 Inappropriate use may lead to increased adverse effects, secondary infections, drug interactions, additional costs, prolonged lengths of stay, and hospital readmissions. 2 – 5 The inappropriate use of antibiotics has been reported to be as high as 50%, although estimates can vary by institution and how “appropriate” is defined. 1 In hospital settings, studies suggest that approximately 50% of patients receive at least one antibiotic during their inpatient stay, 30% of which includes broad-spectrum antibiotics. This means that pharmacists in a variety of other positions must take on these roles in order to improve appropriate antibiotic prescribing. Currently, there is a shortage of pharmacists trained in infectious diseases to fill antimicrobial stewardship positions across the United States. An image collage is good for sharing many files easily - you only have to share one file instead of many. Making a photo collage brings together separate images into one, which helps to show one story instead of many disparate ones. You can also change the resolution if you want a bigger or smaller final final. Then, adjust the border color and size to make your photo collage look great. Upload by dragging your images to the Browse… button. But as is, this is a SuperTool that is great for existing users and may inspire you to check out SuperTool’s other offerings. Free means you do not have to spend any money - if enough people like this tool and the server cost goes up, then charging may be required. However, a subscription at SuperTool can bring you other benefits, so check what you can do by signing up. Free Image Collage Makerįor now, this SuperTool Image Collage Maker is free - upload as many images as you want and download as many images you want and the cost will be $0.00. Maybe it has a gestalt, where entire patterns or configurations are perceived that go beyond individual components. It is the product of assembling different items to create a new whole. It simply makes it quick to tell a story by combining your photos!Ĭollage is a way to create art. This tool aims to be simple, quick, and easy. This collage maker takes any number of images and combines them into a rectangular collage of images, along with simple borders. Imagine your story, add your photos, produce a collage. Combining images together often hints at a story arc that unfolds across time. New COLLAGE SHAPE TOOL! Make collages in the shape of hearts, circles, and more! Collages tell a story. GIF Maker: Make an Animated Video from Text.Extract Images from Word, Excel, and PowerPoint Files.Convert Black to a Single Color in JPEG/PNG.Add Color to Old Black and White Photos.Convert PDF to DOCX (best to preserve formatting). Convert PNG, JPEG, and Other Images to PDF. The only slight drawback is that this screensaver is a little more heavy on your CPU than most due to the 3D rendering. There is an abundant amount of fish and the developer has just added to them with the 'Clearfin Lionfish' and 'Achilles Tang', taking the total number of species to 28. Thanks to us filming it a few times, they can still enjoy it as they have moved house. Avec des poissons étonnamment détaillés et réalistes, ce protecteur décran crée une expérience sous-marine captivante. It was inspired by Finding Nemo and the owner’s kids loved it. Le protecteur décran 3D Aquarium Tropical est un protecteur décran vraiment coloré et interactif qui apporte la beauté de la mer bleue profonde sur votre bureau. Widescreen Marine is one of our early aquarium screensaver videos and one that we actually owned. The fish are modeled in 3D for maximum effect and the screensaver can be displayed on multiple monitors and even wide screen displays for a truly spectacular show. Marine aquarium screensaver for Windows 10 PCs and Laptops. It also features an on-screen clock, which you can toggle on and off. The screensaver is full of coral and exotic fish, with air bubbles and random darting movements adding to the realism. SereneScreen Marine Aquarium is one of the most realistic you'll ever see, bringing a stunning underwater virtual world to your Mac. Why is that aquariums are such popular screensavers? I guess it has something to do with the fact that your screen makes the perfect looking glass into the colorful world of exotic fish. SereneScreen Marine Aquarium is one of the most realistic youll ever see, bringing a stunning underwater virtual world to your PC. Although some of the users may think that it's too expensive for a screensaver, we're still recommending that you give it a try and see what it's up to.Softonic review Ultra realistic aquarium screensaver Users can add a total of 30 fish in the aquarium, with the possibility to customize their characteristics via the dedicated menu in the settings screen.Īs said, Marine Aquarium also comprises music features, which means users have the power to choose their very own music as background while the screensaver is active.Īlthough it uses 3D rendering hardware and it even comes with multi-monitor support, Marine Aquarium runs on low computer resources, but it may affect the overall performance of older systems.īut it still remains an eye-candy screensaver, that's for sure. While the display configuration screen enables you to choose the display mode for the installed video adapter, the program settings menu provides access to options such as auto-pan, bubble column, music and bubble sound. User can customize basically everything, including display and program settings, fish options and the music playlist. Les graphismes en 3D photo-réalistes et le son stéréo vont vous impressionner. Just like all the other screensavers, Marine Aquarium can be accessed via the Windows screensaver menu, while the configuration screen can be loaded with the help of the adjacent “Settings” button. Aquarium 3D Screensaver - Il suffit de remplir votre bureau avec de leau pour laisser les poissons tropicaux nager. Marine Aquarium is a Windows screensaver that creates a virtual aquarium on your screen, offering an impressive array of customization options at the same time.Īlthough most of these screensavers come with just a few options, Marine Aquarium bundles a wide array of settings, allowing users to adjust its behavior. Since the software has been added to our selection of programs and apps in 2011, it has obtained 140,921 downloads, and last week it gained 42 installations. The “Fisheries GIT” created the Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment Committee, which includes scientists and experts from management agencies and academic institutions around the Chesapeake.The NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office chairs the Sustainable Fisheries Team. To facilitate coordination between these three agencies, the Chesapeake Bay Program’s Sustainable Fisheries Goal Implementation Team brings scientists and resource managers together to talk through the latest science.Maryland Department of Natural Resources.In the Chesapeake Bay, the blue crab fishery is managed by three jurisdictions:.Blue crabs are bottom-dwellers that use beds of submerged aquatic grasses as sources of food, nursery habitat for young, and shelter during mating and molting.As the water temperature drops each year, they burrow into sediment in the deeper parts of the Bay for the winter. They tend to be abundant in shallow-water areas during warm weather. Blue crab distribution varies with age, sex, and season.Blue crab habitats include underwater grasses and oyster reefs, and they range from shallow, brackish waters to deeper, saltier waters. The blue crab uses multiple habitats in the Chesapeake Bay throughout its life.Within the Chesapeake Bay, male crabs tend to prefer the fresher waters of Maryland and the Bay’s upper tributaries, while females like the saltier waters in the main part of the Bay and in Virginia, closer to the ocean.The blue crab native range is along the Atlantic Coast of the Americas from Nova Scotia to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico.Eggs hatch into larvae and go through a series of molts in high-salinity coastal waters and then migrate back into the Bay.Females migrate to the mouth of the Bay to spawn and can produce between 750,000 and 3,200,000 eggs per brood. In the Chesapeake Bay, blue crabs mate and spawn from spring to fall.They stay with her after mating until her shell hardens and to ensure another male doesn’t mate with her. To mate, a male crab cradles a female crab in a pose known as a “doubler” for a few days before the female’s terminal molt.Crabs are eaten by large fish, some fish-eating birds (like great blue herons), and sea turtles.Blue crabs eat almost anything, including clams, oysters, mussels, smaller crustaceans, freshly dead fish, plant and animal detritus-and smaller and soft-shelled blue crabs.The largest blue crab caught in the Chesapeake Bay weighed 1.1 pounds and was 10.72 inches (tip to tip across the carapace). While a blue crab usually weighs about ⅓ pound, the edible portion is much lower.However, they are usually harvested before they reach that size. Blue crabs can grow to about 9 inches across (from tip to tip) their hard shell (carapace).Females molt once, just before they are ready to mate. Males molt multiple times during their lives. Because they lose hard parts during the molting process, it can be difficult to determine the age of a crab. Crabs molt-they shed their hard shell-as they grow.But in the Chesapeake Bay, it may take 18 months. In the Gulf of Mexico, crabs may reach maturity within a year. Growth rates are affected by water temperature-they grow more quickly in warmer water. They reach maturity in 12 to 18 months.Blue crabs generally live for 3 or 4 years.The data are examined with respect to the reference points (from the benchmark stock assessment) to determine how the population is doing. It’s the only fisheries survey in the Chesapeake Bay that assesses population Bay-wide on an annual basis. Each year, Maryland and Virginia conduct winter dredge surveys to track blue crab population numbers.An annual Blue Crab Advisory Report (PDF, 31 pages) developed collaboratively by the jurisdictions that manage Chesapeake Bay blue crabs helps decision makers, too. Resource managers use this number as a guide when they set regulations each year. A benchmark stock assessment completed in 2011 generated reference points for the female blue crab population in the Bay. In the Chesapeake Bay, NOAA, the Virginia Marine Resources Commission, and Maryland Department of Natural Resources work together to conduct stock assessments.In managing blue crab fisheries, resource managers look at overall trends rather than just the number of blue crabs in any given year. Blue crab populations naturally are highly variable from year to year. When midrails are used, employers must ensure that they are installed at a height approximately midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the platform surface (.451(g)(4)(iv)). Top rails must be able to withstand, without failure, a force (applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along its top edge) of at least 100 pounds for single-point and two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and of at least 200 pounds for all other scaffolds (.451(g)(4)(vii)). And generally, toprails must be installed between 36 or 38 and 45 inches above the platform surface depending on the type and age of the scaffold (.451(g)(4)(ii)). Guardrails used to comply with OSHA’s fall protection requirements for scaffolds must be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms (.451(g)(4)(i)). Employers often use guardrails to provide this protection. Guardrails Employers must ensure that workers on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level are protected from falls (.451(g) (1)). To our knowledge, none of our competitors build their stock units to comply with IBC regulations. FREE delivery Mon, Mar 25 on 35 of items shipped by Amazon. How many prefabricated aluminum stair manufacturers build to IBC standards? A: None. Tanice Stair Handrail, Hand Rails Stairs, 1.25M Handrails for Stairs, Anti-Slip Banister Rails, Industrial Pipe Clothes Rail, Outdoor Indoor Industrial Pipe Stair Banister for Elder and Child.ErectaStep Commercial stairs go far beyond our competitors when it comes to IBC compliance. What are some common IBC requirements? A: Common major differences are balusters (or pickets) must be no more than 4" on center spacing, treads must be no less than 7" high and 11" deep and handrails must be no less than 42" high.Therefore, the construction requirements must be far more stringent and comprehensive. Whereas IBC regulations assume that the user may be a small child. OSHA guidelines are established with the basic understanding that the end user would be primarily a properly trained adult user. IBC codes, generally are far more stringent and comprehensive than OSHA. What is the difference between IBC and OSHA requirements? A: The differences between IBC and OSHA regulations are enormous.Can I get my stairs customized? A: Yes, let us know your special requirements and we'll design something just for you!.Can I get my stairs in custom colors? A: Yes.The bottom line, powder coating is tougher, longer lasting and doesn’t smell! Far superior to painted finishes. And because they use no harsh solvents like paint, there is zero off gassing or foul chemical odors that frequently are associated with traditionally painted finishes. paint or primer? A: Powder coating finishes are much tougher and thicker than traditional liquid paint or primers. 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It was unfairly cancelled after four seasons in 65 episodes, in fact the series went on a hiatus for two years and after that hiatus had its fourth and final season before being canceled again.Some episodes can be boring and with no moral and memorable scenes at all.
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